Reflecting on evaluation in public archaeology
Abstract
As heritage professionals, our community-facing projects are embedded in the politics of cultural heritage, and reverberate throughout the communities where we work. The only way to know if archaeological outreach and community engagement are working is to ask stakeholders. Yet undertaking formal evaluation is difficult, with differing expectations and definitions of success, depending on the requirements of funders, the willingness of the participants, and the needs of the practitioners. What do we mean when we discuss successful progress and outcomes for public engagement with archaeology, and how do we analyse these? Are we working towards assessments of our own satisfaction with work done, the satisfaction of the dominant political forms of cultural value, the formal procedures of our funding streams, or the experiential and educational needs of the non-professional with whom we engage?
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Apaydin, Veysel (forthcoming). The Presentation of the Past: Pitfalls and Potentials- Education and Archaeology in Turkey. In J.H. Jameson & A. Castillo Mena (eds), Interpreting the Past: Participatory approaches to enhancing public sensitivity and understanding.
Arnstein, Sherry. R. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (4): 216-224.
Atalay, Sonya. 2006. Indigenous Archaeology as Decolonizing Practice. American Indian Quarterly 30 (3): 280-310. doi:10.1353/aiq.2006.0015.
— 2007. Global Application of Indigenous Archaeology: Community Based Participatory Research in Turkey. Archaeologies 3: 249-70. doi:10.1007/s11759-007-9026-8.
— 2012. Community-based Archaeology: Research With, By, and for Indigenous and Local Communities. Berkeley, University of California Press.
Atalay, Sonya, and Lee Rains Clauss, Randall H. McGuire, John R. Welch. 2014. ’Transforming Archaeology.’ In Sonya Atalay, Lee Rains Clauss, Randall. H. McGuire & John R. Welch (eds.), Transforming Archaeology: Activist Practices and Prospects. Walnut Creek, CA, Left Coast Press, 7-28.
Baram, Uzi. 2011. Community Organizing in Public Archaeology: Coalitions for the Preservation of a Hidden History in Florida. Present Pasts 3 (1): 12-18. DOI:10.5334/pp.40.
Belfiore, Eleonora. 2015. “Impact”, “value” and ”bad economics”: Making sense of the problem of value in the arts and humanities.’ Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 14(1):95-110.
Bollwerk, Elizabeth. 2015. Co-Creation’s Role in Digital Public Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice. 3(3): 223-234.
Bonacchi, Chiara, ed. 2012. Archaeology and the Digital: Towards Strategies of Engagement. London, Archetype.
Bonacchi, Chiara, and Daniel Pett, Andrew Bevan, Adi Keinan-Schoonbaert. 2015. Experiments in Crowd-funding Community Archaeology. Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 2(3): 184-98.
Boyd, N. & Stafford, S. 2013. Heritage Grants Programme Evaluation and Outcomes Review. London, Heritage Lottery Fund.
Brenneis, Don. 2009. Anthropology in and of the academy: globalization, assessment and our field’s future. Social Anthropology 17(3): 261-275.
Brush, Stephen B. and Mary W. Greene, John E. Yellen. 1981. Anthropology at NSF – Current Status. Anthropology News 22(7): 1-11.
Cameron, Catherine M., and John B. Gatewood. 2000. Excursions into the Un-Remembered Past: What People Want from Visits to Historical Sites. The Public Historian 22: 107-127.
Clarke, John. 2013. In Search of Ordinary People: The Problematic Politics of Popular Participation. Communication, Culture & Critique 6 (2): 208-226.
Copeland, Tim. 2004. Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Constructing insights on Site. In Nick Merriman (ed.), Public Archaeology. London, Routledge, 132-144.
Cornwall, Andrea. 2008. Unpacking “Participation”: Models, Meanings and Practices. Community Development Journal 43(3): 269-83.
Council for British Archaeology. 2016. Mick Aston Archaeology Fund. Retrieved on 12 June 2016 from WWW [http://new.archaeologyuk.org/mick-aston-archaeology-fund]
Cullen, Tracey. 1995. Women in Archaeology. Antiquity 69 266):1042-1045.
Culture 24. 2018. Our Research Reports. Retrieved on 25 September 2018 from WWW [https://weareculture24.org.uk/our-research-reports/]
Dawson, Emily. 2014a. Reframing social exclusion from science communication: Moving away from “barriers” towards a more complex perspective. Journal of Science Communication 13(1): 1-5.
Dawson, Emily. 2014b. ‘Not Designed for Us’: How Science Museums and Science Centers Socially Exclude Low-Income, Minority Ethnic Groups. Science Education 98(6): 981–1008.
Diamond, Judy, Jessica J. Luke, and David H. Uttal. 2009. Practical Evaluation Guide: Tool for Museums and Other Informal Educational Settings. Lanham, MD, AltaMira.
Ellenberger, Katharine (organizer). 2016. Assessing Outcomes in Public Archaeology: Imperatives, Perils, and Frameworks. Session at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.
Ellenberger, Katharine and Kevin Gidusko (organizers). 2018. Motivation and Community in Public Archaeology Evaluation. Symposium at the Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical Archaeology, New Orleans, LA.
Ellenberger, Katharine and Lorna-Jane Richardson. 2016. “Satisfying and Reflecting on the Urge to Evaluate in Public Archaeology.” Presentation at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.
European Association of Archaeologists. 2016. “EAA Committees and Working Parties 2016.” E-A-A.org. Accessed June 13, 2016. [http://e-a-a.org/working_groups.htm]
Fredheim, L. Harald. 2018. Endagerment-driven heritage volunteering: democratization or ‘Changeless Change’. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 24(6): 619-633.
Fulford, Michael. 2011. The impact of commercial archaeology on the UK Heritage. In John Curtis, Michael Fulford, Anthony Harding and Fiona Reynolds, History for the Taking? Perspectives on Material Heritage. London, British Academy, 33-53. Retrieved from the WWW June 12, 2016 [https://www.britac.ac.uk/policy/History-for-the-taking.cfm]
Gibb, James and Carol McDavid (organizers). 2008. Evaluation of Public Archaeology: Principles, not Protocols. Electronic Session at the Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Gidusko, Kevin (organizer). 2017. “Reevaluating Evaluating Public Archaeology”. Panel Discussion at the Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Fort Worth, TX.
Goldstein, Lynne and Barbara J. Mills, Sarah Herr, Jo Ellen Burkholder, Leslie Aiello, and Christopher Thornton. 2018. “Why Do Fewer Women Than Men Apply for Grants After Their PhDs?” American Antiquity 83(3): 367-386. DOI:10.1017/aaq.2017.73.
Grey, Clive. 2008. Instrumental policies: causes, consequences, museums and galleries. Cultural Trends 17(4): 209-222.
Graham, Shawn. 2016. “Fail and Loathing in East Lansing: Failing Productively in Digital Archaeology.” Lecture, Institute for Digital Archaeology Method and Practice from Michigan State University and National Endowment for the Humanities, East Lansing, MI. August 17, 2016. Retrieved from the WWW [http://shawngraham.github.io/presentations/daifail.html#/]
Gould, Peter G. 2016. On the Case: Method in Public and Community Archaeology. Public Archaeology 1-18. DOI:10.1080/14655187.2016.1199942
Guilfoyle, David R., and Erin A. Hogg. 2015. Towards an Evaluation-Based Framework of Collaborative Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice 3(2): 107-23.
Hart, Siobhan M. 2009. High Stakes: A Poly-Communal Archaeology of the Pocumtuck Fort, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Heritage Lottery Fund. 2018a. Our History. Retrieved on 25 September 2018 from the WWW [https://www.hlf.org.uk/about-us/our-history]
— 2018b. Evaluation Guidance. Retrieved on 25 September 2018 from the WWW [https://www.hlf.org.uk/evaluation-guidance]
— 2018c. Digital technology in heritage projects. Retrieved on 25 September 2018 from the WWW [https://www.hlf.org.uk/digital-technology-heritage-projects]
Hedge, Rob and Aisling Nash. 2016. Assessing the Value of Community-Generated Historic Environment Research. Historic England. [https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/assessing-value-of-community-generated-historic-environment-research/community-generated-historic-environment-research-7178-final-report.pdf/]
Hodder, Ian. 2008. Multivocality and Social Archaeology. In Junko Habu, Clare Fawcett and John M. Matsunaga (eds.), Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies. New York, Springer, 196-212.
— 2011. Is a shared past possible? The ethics and practice of archaeology in the twenty-first century. In Katsuyuki Okamura and Akira Matsuda (eds.) New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeology. New York, Springer, 19-28.
Howery, Cherkea. 2013. The effects of the economic crisis on archaeology in Greece. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 1(3): 228-233.
Human, Helen. 2015. Democratising world heritage: The policies and practices of community involvement in Turkey. Journal of Social Archaeology 15(2): 160-183.
Jackson, Stella, Rob Lennox, Cath Neal and Steve Roskams. 2014. Engaging Communities in the ‘Big Society’: What Impact is the Localism Agenda having on Community Archaeology? The Historic Environment 5(1): 74-88.
Jancovich, Leila and Franco Bianchini. 2013. Problematising participation. Cultural Trends. 22(2): 63-66.
James, Toby S. 2018. The higher education impact agenda, scientifc realism and policy change: the case of electoral integrity in Britain. British Politics 13(3): 312-331.
Jeppson, Patrice L. 2003. Learning From the 2003 PEIC K-12 Social Studies Education Event: What can be taken forward from this Public Archaeology experience? Retrieved 29 May 2017 from the WWW [http://www.p-j.net/pjeppson/SHA2003/LearningPublic.htm]
— 2004. The SAA Public Education Committee. Report on SHA at NCSS: Exhibit Booth #853 out of 1053. Evaluation of a public outreach activity at the National Council for the Social Studies. Retrieved 29 May 2017 from the WWW [http://www.p-j.net/pjeppson/NCSS2004/Booth.htm]
— 2011. The Dynamics of Inclusion at ‘The Dynamics of Inclusion’, a Public Archaeology Workshop Public Event. Archaeologies 7(3): 635-656.
— 2012a. Public Archaeology and the US Culture Wars. In Robin Skeates, Carol McDavid and John Carman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology. New York, Oxford University Press, 581-604.
— 2012b Archaeology and the Interpretation of the President’s House: Limits and Largesse. Presentation at Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical and Underwater Archaeology. Baltimore, MD.
Jeppson, Patrice L. and Karen Brauer. 2008. Can Evaluation Be More? Principles of evaluation and the relationship between materiality and social existence. Presentation at Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical and Underwater Archaeology. Albuquerque.
Johanson, Katya. 2013. “Listening to the Audience: Methods for a New Era of Audience Research.” In Jennifer Radbourne, Hilary Glow, and Katya Johanson (eds.), The Audience Experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, 159-172.
Jones, S., Hannah Cobb, Melanie Giles, Ken Shone, and Ruth Colton. 2015. Whitworth Park Community Archaeology and History Project: An Evaluation Report for the Heritage Lottery Fund. Retrieved 25 September 2018 from WWW: [https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:281851]
King, Eleanor (editor). 2016. Special Issue: Designing and Assessing Public Education Programs in Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice 4(4):415-549.
King, Tom. 2012. “Public archaeology is a menace to the public - and archaeology.” AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 2: 5-9.
Lindee, Susan and Joanna Radin. 2016. Patrons of the Human Experience: A History of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 1941-2016. Current Anthropology 57(S14): S218-S301. DOI:10.1086/687926.
Malloy, Maureen and Patrice L. Jeppson, Carol McDavid. 2009. The Ends of “Archaeology for the public”. Presentation at American Anthropological Association Annual Conference. Philadelphia.
Markwell, Susan, Marion Bennett, and Neil Ravenscroft. 1997. The Changing Market for Heritage Tourism: A Case Study of Visits to Historic Houses in England. International Journal of Heritage Studies 3(2): 95-108.
Matsuda, Akira., & Katsuyuki Okamura. 2011. Introduction: New perspectives in global public archaeology. In Akira Matsuda and Katsuyuki Okamura, New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeology. London: Springer, 1-18.
McDavid, Carol. 2011a. Bibliography of Public Archaeology Sources. Archaeologies 7(3): 657-666.
— 2011b. Considering the Longue Durée of Public Archaeology. Presentation in, M. Jay Stottman (organizer), Archaeologists as Activists: Moving Forward on a Practice of Activist Archaeology. Annual Meetings of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Austin, Texas.
McGuire, Randall H. 2008. Archaeology as Political Action. Berkeley, University of California Press.
Mickel, Allison and Alex R. Knodell. 2015. We wanted to take real information: public engagement and regional survey at Petra, Jordan. World Archaeology 47(2): 239-260.
MOLA. 2018. Research and engagement. Retrieved on 25 September 2018 from WWW [https://www.mola.org.uk/research-engagement/community-engagement]
Murphy, P., 2015. Building a Head of Steam: Digging Moston. In: Nevell, M. and Redhead, N., eds. Archaeology for All. Community Archaeology in the Early 21st Century: Participation, Practice and Impact. Salford: Salford University, 89-94.
Neal, C. 2015a. Heritage and participation, In E. Waterton & S. Watson (Eds) Handbook of contemporary heritage research, 346-365. Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan.
Neal, C. 2015b. Know your place? Evaluating the therapeutic benefits of engagement with historic landscapes. Cultural Trends. 24(2):133-142. DOI: 10.1080/09548963.2015.1031479
Nevell, Mike. 2013. Archaeology for all: Managing expectation and Learning from the Past for the Future- The Dig Manchester Community Archaeology Experience. In: Dalglish, C., ed. Archaeology, the public and the recent past. Boydell Press, 65-76.
Nevell, Mike., 2015. The Dig Manchester Project, 2005-2209: Redefining Community Archaeology? In: Nevell, Mike. and Redhead, N., eds. Archaeology for All. Community Archaeology in the Early 21st century: Participation, Practice and Impact. Salford: Centre for Applied Archaeology, University of Salford, 35-46.
Newsinger, Jack and William Green. 2016. The infrapolitics of cultural value: cultural policy, evaluation and the marginalization of practitioner perspectives. Journal of Cultural Economy. 2016: 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2016.1141791
Pageau, Hanna Marie. 2016. Archaeology and Experiential Learning: The Unique Impact of Learning Experientially for the Field Sciences. Presentation at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.
Plattner, Stuart, Gary Aronson and Benjamin Abellera. 1993. Recent Trends in Funding Anthropological Research at the National Science Foundation. Human Organization 52(1): 110-114.
Plattner, Stuart, Linda Hamilton and Marilyn Madden. 1987. The Funding of Research in Social-Cultural Anthropology at the National Science Foundation. American Anthropologist 89: 853-866.
Plattner, Stuart and Christopher McIntyre. 1991. The Funding of Dissertation Research in Anthropology at the National Science Foundation. Human Organization 50: 203-208.
Richardson, Lorna-Jane. 2013. A Digital Public Archaeology? Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 23(1): 1-12.
Richardson, Lorna-Jane. 2014. Public Archaeology in a Digital Age. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College London. Retrieved 25 September 2018 from WWW [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1436367]
Richardson, Lorna-Jane. & Jaime Almanza-Sanchez. 2015. Do You Even Know What Public Archaeology Is? Trends, Theory, Practice, Ethics. World Archaeology 47(2): 194-211.
Roskams, Steve., & Cath Neal. 2013. Authority and Community: Reflections on archaeological practice at Heslington East, York. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 4(2): 139-155.
Schadla-Hall, Tim. 1999. Editorial: Public archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology 2(2): 147-158.
Schadla-Hall, Tim, Gabriel Moshenska and Amara Thornton. 2010. Editorial. Public Archaeology 9(2): 62-63.
SCAPE. 2017. Scotland’s Coastal Heritage at Risk Final Evaluation Report. Retrieved 25 September 2018 from WWW [http://scharp.co.uk/media/medialibrary/2017/09/SCHARP-HLF-EVALUATION_FINAL_web.pdf]
Shanks, Michael and Randall H. McGuire. 1996. The Craft of Archaeology. American Antiquity 61(1): 75–88.
Simon, Nina. 2011. Participatory design and the future of museums. In Bill Adair, Benjamin Filene and Laura Colossi (eds.), Letting Go? Sharing Historical Authority in a User- Generated World. Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press, 18-33.
Simpson, Faye and Howard Williams. 2008. Evaluating community archaeology in the UK. Public Archaeology 7(2): 69-90.
Skeates, Robin, Carol McDavid and John Carman. eds. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Silliman, Stephen W. 2008. Collaborating at the Trowel’s Edge: Teaching and Learning in Indigenous Archaeology. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
Smith, Claire, and Hans Martin Wobst. 2005. Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice. London, Routledge.
Smith, Laurajane. 2004. Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage. London, Routledge.
— 2006. Uses of Heritage. London, Routledge.
Smith, Laurajane, and Emma Waterton. 2009. Heritage, Communites and Archaeology. London, Duckworth.
Society for American Archaeology. Public Archaeology Interest Group. Retrieved 13 June 2016 from WWW [http://www.saa.org/formembers/interestGroups/publicarchaeologyinterestgroup/tabid/156/default.aspx]
Spector, Janet. 1993. What This Awl Means: Feminist Archaeology at a Wahpeton Dakota Village. St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society Press.
Tanner, Simon. 2018. The Balanced Value Impact Model. Retrieved 25 September 2018 from WWW [https://www.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/what-we-do/consultancy/strategic-thinking-and-practice/balanced-value-impact-model/]
Thomas, Suzie. 2010. Community Archaeology in the UK: Recent Findings. York, Council for British Archaeology.
UK Research and Innovation. 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018 from WWW [https://www.ukri.org/]
United States Forest Service. Passport In Time’s Purpose. Retrieved 13 June 2016 from WWW [http://www.passportintime.com/pit-s-purpose.html]
United States National Science Foundation. Research Areas. Retrieved 13 June 2016 from WWW [http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2007/nsf07046/nsf07046.jsp]
United States National Park Service. Secretary’s Standards - Qualifications Standards. Retrieved 13 June 2016 from WWW [https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/arch_stnds_9.htm]
University of Leicester. Evidencing the Impact of the Generic Learning Outcomes. Retrieved 13 June 2016 from WWW [http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/museumstudies/rcmg/projects/evidencing-the-impact-of-the-generic-learning-outcomes]
Vuyk, Kees. 2010. The arts as an instrument? Notes on the controversy surrounding the value of art. International Journal of Cultural Policy 16(2): 173-183.
Waterton, Emma. 2005. Whose sense of place? Reconciling archaeological perspectives with community values: Cultural landscapes in England. International Journal of Heritage Studies 11(4): 309-325.
Watkins, Joe E. 2003. Beyond the Margins: American Indians, First Nations, and Archaeology North America. American Antiquity 68(2): 273-285.
Wenner-Gren Foundation. 2018a. Engaged Anthropology Grant General Criteria of Evaluation. Retrieved 3 August 2018 from WWW [http://www.wennergren.org/programs/engaged-anthropology-grant/general-criteria-evaluation-0]
— 2018b. About the Foundation. Retrieved 3 August 2018 from WWW [http://www.wennergren.org/about/about-foundation]
— 2018c. Sapiens: Write for Us. Retrieved 3 August 2018 from WWW [https://www.sapiens.org/write-for-us]
White, Sarah. 1996. ‘Depoliticising development: the uses and abuses of participation’, Development in Practice, 6(1),6-15
Woolverton, Jemima. 2016. ‘Becoming History Ourselves’: A Study of Age Demographics in Community Archaeology Societies.” Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 3(2): 135-151.
Yellen, John E, Mary W. Greene and Richard T. Louttit. 1980. A Response to “National Science Foundation Funding of Domestic Archaeology in the United States: Where the Money Ain’t.” American Antiquity 45(1): 180-181.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/ap.v8i1.141
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Kate Ellenberger, Lorna-Jane Richardson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ISSN: 2171-6315
Follow us on:
Journal edited by JAS Arqueología
